There were four reasons leading to Tang's decline, among which the dominance of the eunuchs, the separatist regions of Fanzhen and clique conflicts were internal factors while peasants' uprising was the external factor.
First, the dominance of eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty was unparalleled in Chinese history, much more rampant than that of Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220) and the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644). From the late period of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the old convention that eunuchs could not be appointed as high officials was broken. At that time, eunuchs' power began to expand. Especially, the celebrated eunuch Gao Lishi reached a position superior to some princes and ministers. In the reign of Emperor Daizong, the notorious eunuch Li Fuguo grasped the military power and controlled the royal power.
Gradually, the power of eunuchs became stronger and stronger. They were able to formulate the national policy, to appoint and remove court officials and to enthrone and depose emperors. As the dominance of eunuchs became serious, the military power of central regime was weakened. Additionally, some wise-minded chancellors were hard to express their ideas. What is more, power struggles between eunuchs and chancellors greatly weakened the ruling of the central regime.
Second, the separatist regions of Fanzhen were another major problem in the late period of the Tang Dynasty. Actually, the separatist regions of Fanzhen originated from the set-up of Jiedushi (regional military governors). In order to safeguard the border areas, rulers of Tang used to set up many institutions called Jiedushi at the frontier. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, the Tang court set up more regional Jiedushi to defend the central regime. With much administrative rights and military power, those Jiedushi gradually turned into many separatist regimes called Fanzhen. In competing for the farmland and labor, battles between Fanzhen and the central court constantly broke out. To some extent, all these Fanzhen regimes became small kingdoms whose military forces were only responsible for themselves. This had threatened the unification of the whole country.
Third, the conflicts between the different cliques were an indispensable factor that caused the decline of Tang. The court officials of Tang were mainly made up of two groups. One group was from the traditional noble class while the other group came from the civilian class. Due to different class origin and political status, these two groups respectively formed their own parties. In discussing the state affairs, these parties usually held different political views and adopted disparate policies. In order to be superior to the other group, all these parties were entangled with power struggles. As a result, all these internal disputes broke down the power of the central regime.
The last one was peasants' uprising which was the only external factor that directly led to the decline of Tang. In the late Tang Dynasty, the land annexation was quite serious. Under the oppression and exploitation of the landowners, peasants endured a hardship. Because of the years of war, peasants were imposed more tax. Besides, eunuchs forcibly occupied peasants' farmland and extorted their money. When it came to Emperor Xizong's reign, the natural disaster raged for years and the output of food decreased abruptly, but the Tang court still imposed much tax on peasants. Finally, peasants' uprising broke out just like the turbulent flood that could not be restrained. Especially, Huang Chao Uprising was a large-scale peasant's rebellion which greatly shook Tang's regime. After the heavy blow of Huang Chao Uprising, the Tang Empire started to go to rack and ruin.
First, the dominance of eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty was unparalleled in Chinese history, much more rampant than that of Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220) and the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644). From the late period of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the old convention that eunuchs could not be appointed as high officials was broken. At that time, eunuchs' power began to expand. Especially, the celebrated eunuch Gao Lishi reached a position superior to some princes and ministers. In the reign of Emperor Daizong, the notorious eunuch Li Fuguo grasped the military power and controlled the royal power.
Gradually, the power of eunuchs became stronger and stronger. They were able to formulate the national policy, to appoint and remove court officials and to enthrone and depose emperors. As the dominance of eunuchs became serious, the military power of central regime was weakened. Additionally, some wise-minded chancellors were hard to express their ideas. What is more, power struggles between eunuchs and chancellors greatly weakened the ruling of the central regime.
Second, the separatist regions of Fanzhen were another major problem in the late period of the Tang Dynasty. Actually, the separatist regions of Fanzhen originated from the set-up of Jiedushi (regional military governors). In order to safeguard the border areas, rulers of Tang used to set up many institutions called Jiedushi at the frontier. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, the Tang court set up more regional Jiedushi to defend the central regime. With much administrative rights and military power, those Jiedushi gradually turned into many separatist regimes called Fanzhen. In competing for the farmland and labor, battles between Fanzhen and the central court constantly broke out. To some extent, all these Fanzhen regimes became small kingdoms whose military forces were only responsible for themselves. This had threatened the unification of the whole country.
Third, the conflicts between the different cliques were an indispensable factor that caused the decline of Tang. The court officials of Tang were mainly made up of two groups. One group was from the traditional noble class while the other group came from the civilian class. Due to different class origin and political status, these two groups respectively formed their own parties. In discussing the state affairs, these parties usually held different political views and adopted disparate policies. In order to be superior to the other group, all these parties were entangled with power struggles. As a result, all these internal disputes broke down the power of the central regime.
The last one was peasants' uprising which was the only external factor that directly led to the decline of Tang. In the late Tang Dynasty, the land annexation was quite serious. Under the oppression and exploitation of the landowners, peasants endured a hardship. Because of the years of war, peasants were imposed more tax. Besides, eunuchs forcibly occupied peasants' farmland and extorted their money. When it came to Emperor Xizong's reign, the natural disaster raged for years and the output of food decreased abruptly, but the Tang court still imposed much tax on peasants. Finally, peasants' uprising broke out just like the turbulent flood that could not be restrained. Especially, Huang Chao Uprising was a large-scale peasant's rebellion which greatly shook Tang's regime. After the heavy blow of Huang Chao Uprising, the Tang Empire started to go to rack and ruin.
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An Shi Rebellion |
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